{"id":5181,"date":"2022-09-01T05:30:15","date_gmt":"2022-09-01T05:30:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/afaqdz.net\/?p=5181"},"modified":"2024-12-18T06:03:17","modified_gmt":"2024-12-18T06:03:17","slug":"4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/afaqdz.net\/index.php\/2022\/09\/01\/4\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a..(\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"direction: rtl;\">\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 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href=\"https:\/\/www.afaqdz.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Qui-sont-les-groupes-islamistes-qui-operent-en-Afrique-de-lOuest-1.webp\">Qui sont les groupes islamistes qui op\u00e8rent en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.afaqdz.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Qui-sont-les-groupes-islamistes-qui-operent-en-Afrique-de-lOuest-1.webp\">\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u0625\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u061f:<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u00a0(MINUSMA). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0627\u0645 2022). \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">Thomas Hofnung,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/planete\/2012\/11\/14\/le-conflit-au-sahel-passage-oblige-pour-l-europe-de-la-defense_860534\"><em>\u00ab<\/em><em>Le conflit au Sahel, passage oblig\u00e9 pour l\u2019Europe de la d\u00e9fense<\/em><em>\u00bb<\/em><\/a>, Lib\u00e9ration, 14 novembre 2012, P. 19.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>3<\/sup><\/strong>https:\/\/www.france24.com\/fr\/france\/20220217-en-direct fin-de-partie-pour-l-op%C3%A9ration-barkhane-au-mali<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>4<\/sup><\/strong>Jean-Herv\u00e9 Jezequel, \u00abMali: d\u00e9faire le coup d\u2019Etat sans revenir en arri\u00e8re\u00bb, commentaire de Crisis Group, 21 ao\u00fbt 2020, et rapport Afrique de Crisis Group N\u00b0299, R\u00e9ordonner les strat\u00e9gies de stabilisation du Sahel, 1er f\u00e9vrier 2021. P. 51.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>5<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/afrique\/region-60414704<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>6<\/sup><\/strong>Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>7\u00a0<\/sup><\/strong>https:\/\/www.france24.com\/fr\/france\/20220217-en-direct-fin-de-partie-pour-l-op%C3%A9ration-barkhane-au-mali<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>8\u00a0<\/sup><\/strong>Ibid<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>9<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">\u00abAu Mali, la junte nomme de nouveaux hommes \u00e0 des postes strat\u00e9giques\u00bb, Le Monde, 3 septembre 2020, P. 14.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>10<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0Adam Sandor, \u00abElite Bargains and Political Deals in Mali\u2019s Transition\u00bb, United Kingdom Foreign Commonwealth &amp; Development Office, February 2021. P. 89.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>11<\/sup><\/strong>Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>12<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/vox\/monde\/colonel-michel-goya-la-france-aurait-du-s-arreter-a-temps-au-mali-20220203<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>13<\/sup><\/strong>https:\/\/www.cartercenter.org\/peace\/conflict_resolution\/mali-io.html<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>14<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a 1986\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064a -Epervier\u201d \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 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\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u064a\u0641\u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u2013 Yivgni Brigon\u201d \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">Nathaniel Reynolds, Putin\u2019s Not-So-Secret Mercenaries: Patronage, Geopolitics, and the Wagner Group, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, July 2019,\u00a0Washington, pp., 1- 2<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>17<\/sup><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/planete\/2020\/10\/15\/echange-de-prisonniers-au-mali-le-coup-de-la-liberation_1802490\/\">https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/planete\/2020\/10\/15\/echange-de-prisonniers-au-mali-le-coup-de-la-liberation_1802490\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>18<\/sup><\/strong>https:\/\/www.pourleco.com\/politique-economique\/barkhane-cout-de-loperation-militaire-et-civile-au-mali<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>19<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062f (MNA)\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2010. \u0647\u064a: \u201c\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062f\u201d. \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a (MTNM) \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 16 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2011 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062f\u201d. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">Lamine Ould Mohammed Salem, Le Ben Laden du Sahara, sur les traces du jihadiste Mokhtar Belmokhtar,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/La_Martini%C3%A8re_Groupe\">\u00c9ditions de La Martini\u00e8re<\/a>, 2014, p.\u00a0141.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>20<\/sup><\/strong>https:\/\/www.rfi.fr\/fr\/podcasts\/reportageafrique\/20210411-dans-les-coulisses-de-l-accord-de-niono-au-mali-1-4<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>21<\/sup><\/strong>https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/2021\/03\/11\/exclusive-burkina-faso-s-secret-peace-talks-and-fragile-jihadist-ceasefire<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>22<\/sup><\/strong>\u00abLa situation au Mali\u00bb, Rapport du secr\u00e9taire-g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des Nations unies,S2021\/299, 26 mars 2021.P., 37.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>23<\/sup><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/SAS-SANA-Report-Niger-FR.pdf\">https:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/SAS-SANA-Report-Niger-FR.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>24\u00a0<\/sup><\/strong>\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a 15 \u0645\u0627\u064a \u0648 20 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2015 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u2013 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062f \u00a0(CMA). \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">Le Point magazine,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lepoint.fr\/monde\/mali-un-accord-de-paix-et-de-reconciliation-signe-a-alger-01-03-2015-1908861_24.php\">\u00abMali: un \u201caccord de paix et de r\u00e9conciliation\u201d sign\u00e9 \u00e0 Alger\u00bb<\/a>, Le Point, 1<sup>er<\/sup>\u00a0mars 2015, P. 22.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>25<\/sup><\/strong>https:\/\/www.recherches-internationales.fr\/RI117\/RI117_Soto_Mayor.pdf<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>26<\/sup><\/strong>https:\/\/aoc.media\/analyse\/2021\/06\/13\/de-barkhane-au-developpement-la-revanche-des-contextes\/<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>27<\/sup><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/fr\/africa\/west-africa\/burkina-faso\/254-social-roots-jihadist-violence-burkina-fasos-north\">https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/fr\/africa\/west-africa\/burkina-faso\/254-social-roots-jihadist-violence-burkina-fasos-north<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>28<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0625\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0622\u063a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1954 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/citiesandregions\/statesandterritories\/2014\/11\/21\/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84\">\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644<\/a>\u00a0\u0628\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0641\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0628\u0648 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0641\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/citiesandregions\/city\/2014\/11\/12\/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88\">\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648<\/a>\u00a0\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/encyclopedia\/icons\/2015\/3\/24\/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A2%D8%BA-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/encyclopedia\/icons\/2015\/3\/24\/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A2%D8%BA-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>29<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u201d \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0623\u063a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u201d \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2015. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aawsat.com\/home\/article\/1649036\/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88-%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1\">https:\/\/aawsat.com\/home\/article\/1649036\/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88-%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>30<\/sup><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.irsem.fr\/data\/files\/irsem\/documents\/document\/file\/2441\/Etude_IRSEM_n51_2017.pdf\">https:\/\/www.irsem.fr\/data\/files\/irsem\/documents\/document\/file\/2441\/Etude_IRSEM_n51_2017.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>31\u00a0<\/sup><\/strong>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0648- Mahmoud Dicko \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1954\u060c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85\">\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A\">\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88\">\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648<\/a>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0623\u0651\u0633 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 (<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1\">\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a<\/a>\/<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2008\">2008<\/a>) \u0625\u0644\u0649 (<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84\">\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0644<\/a>\/\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019\">2019<\/a>). \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7\">\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0627<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_2013\">\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a 2013<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017\">2017<\/a>. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">C\u00e9lian Mac\u00e9, \u00abMali: Mahmoud Dicko, l\u2019imam qui d\u00e9fie le pr\u00e9sident IBK\u00bb, Lib\u00e9ration,\u200e 4 juin 2020, P. 11.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>32<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0https:\/\/newlinesinstitute.org\/al-qaeda\/implications-of-al-qaeda-in-the-islamic-maghrebs-new-leadership\/<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>33<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a 2014\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0647\u064a: \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062f\u0639\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 2017.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>34<\/sup><\/strong>https:\/\/www.irsem.fr\/data\/files\/irsem\/documents\/document\/file\/3233\/RP_IRSEM_89.pdf<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>35<\/sup><\/strong>https:\/\/cndhniger.org\/images\/pdf\/Rapport_Final_Mission_Investigation_Inates_Ayorou_2020-CNDH-REPPAD-Last%20(2)_2.pdf<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>36<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646: \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>37<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0https:\/\/afriquexxi.info\/article4912.html<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>38<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/entretiens\/france-mali-frappe-bounti-mariage-bavure-civils-rapport-onu-barkhane<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>39<\/sup><\/strong>https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/en\/pubblicazione\/hollowness-governance-talk-and-about-sahel-30026<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>40<\/sup><\/strong>https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2022\/02\/18\/barkhane-defaite-d-une-utopie-politico-militaire_6114184_3212.html<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>41<\/sup><\/strong>https:\/\/www.rfi.fr\/fr\/afrique\/20220225-niger-mohamed-bazoum-d\u00e9fend-la-venue-de-militaires-\u00e9trangers-suppl\u00e9mentaires<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>42<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0622\u062e\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u2013 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2013\u00a0 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0636\u0648\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>43<\/sup><\/strong>Eugenio Cusumano, Journal of Strategic Studies, 27 Feb 2015 p. 102, in:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09592318.2022.2021486\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09592318.2022.2021486<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>44<\/sup><\/strong>Ibid, P.109.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>45<\/sup><\/strong>Ibid, P. 113.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>46<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0Compte rendu N\u00b012. Commission des affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res. Audition \u00e0 huis clos du G\u00e9n\u00e9ral d\u2019arm\u00e9e FLECOINTRE CEMA. Assembl\u00e9e Nationale novembre 2021.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.assembleenationale.fr\/dyn\/15\/comptesrendus\/cion_afetr\/l15cion_afetr1920012_compte-rendu\">https:\/\/www.assembleenationale.fr\/dyn\/15\/comptesrendus\/cion_afetr\/l15cion_afetr1920012_compte-rendu<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>47<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0Minist\u00e8re de la d\u00e9fense, \u00abGagner la bataille conduire la paix: les forces terrestres dans les conflits aujourd\u2019hui et demain\u00bb, Arm\u00e9e de terre FT01, CDEF, janvier 2021, P.13.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>48<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0Albert Bourgi. \u00abLes enjeux g\u00e9opolitiques de la crise malienne\u00bb, Irenee, Universit\u00e9 de Lauraine, \u00abCivitas Europa\u00bb, 2021\/2, N\u00b031, Cairn Info. P.14.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>49<\/sup><\/strong>\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0640 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u201d \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>50<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0Olivier Hanne, \u00abBarkhane: succ\u00e8s, atouts et limites d\u2019une op\u00e9ration originale dans la bande sah\u00e9lo-saharienne\u00bb, RES MILITARIS, revue Europ\u00e9enne d\u2019\u00e9tudes militaires, D\u00e9cembre 2016, P.19.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>51<\/sup><\/strong>Ibid, P.21.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>52<\/sup><\/strong>Ibid, P. 26.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>53<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Europe et des affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res. \u00abL\u2019action de la France au Sahel\u00bb, in:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.diplomatie.gouv.fr\/fr\/politique-etrangere-de-la-france\/securite-desarmement-et-non-proliferation\/crises-et-conflits\/l-action-de-la-france-ausahel\/#:~:text=Dans%20ce%20contexte%2C%20la%20Franc,des%20populations%20dans%20le%20besoin.\">https:\/\/www.diplomatie.gouv.fr\/fr\/politique-etrangere-de-la-france\/securite-desarmement-et-non-proliferation\/crises-et-conflits\/l-action-de-la-france-ausahel\/#:~:text=Dans%20ce%20contexte%2C%20la%20Franc,des%20populations%20dans%20le%20besoin.<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>54<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 (Underground Politics): \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 (\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u201c\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u201d)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631: \u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 21\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u2013 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2017\u060c \u0635.\u060c 1. \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/futureuae.com\/ar-AE\/Release\/ReleaseArticle\/383\/underground-politics-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%25\">https:\/\/futureuae.com\/ar-AE\/Release\/ReleaseArticle\/383\/underground-politics-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%<\/a>\u00a0A%D8%A9<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>55<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/information.tv5monde.com\/afrique\/mali-bientot-des-mercenaires-russes-pour-former-l-armee-nationale-424250\">https:\/\/information.tv5monde.com\/afrique\/mali-bientot-des-mercenaires-russes-pour-former-l-armee-nationale-424250<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">\u00a0<strong><sup>56<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0https:\/\/www.france24.com\/fr\/afrique\/20211201-en-centrafrique-avantage-%C3%A0-moscou-et-au-groupe-wagner-dans-le-bras-de-fer-avec-l-ue<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>57<\/sup><\/strong>Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>58<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jambonews.net\/actualites\/20220214-larmee-rwandaise-est-elle-en-train-de-devenir-le-wagner-de-la-france-et-de-leurope\/\">https:\/\/www.jambonews.net\/actualites\/20220214-larmee-rwandaise-est-elle-en-train-de-devenir-le-wagner-de-la-france-et-de-leurope\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>59<\/sup><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/multimedia.europarl.europa.eu\/webstreaming\/subcommittee-on-security-and-defence_20220126-1345-COMMITTEE-SEDE\">https:\/\/multimedia.europarl.europa.eu\/webstreaming\/subcommittee-on-security-and-defence_20220126-1345-COMMITTEE-SEDE<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>60\u00a0<\/sup><\/strong>https:\/\/www.jambonews.net\/actualites\/20220214..,op.cit.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>61\u00a0<\/sup><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/fr\/%C3%A9co-tech\/20210426-mozambique-total-suspend-son-projet-gazier-pour-cause-de-force-majeure\">https:\/\/www.france24.com\/fr\/%C3%A9co-tech\/20210426-mozambique-total-suspend-son-projet-gazier-pour-cause-de-force-majeure<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>62<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0https:\/\/www.jambonews.net\/actualites\/20220214..,op.cit.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>63<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0https:\/\/cddmoz.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Is-France-using-development-aid-to-finance-the-intervention-of-Rwandan-troops-in-Mozambique.pdf<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>64<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>65<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0https:\/\/www.jambonews.net\/actualites\/20220214\u2026op. cit.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>66<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>67<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.africaintelligence.fr\/afrique-ouest-et-centrale_diplomatie\/2021\/04\/07\/paul-kagame-business-angel-de-Touad%C3%A9ra,109655531-eve\">https:\/\/www.africaintelligence.fr\/afrique-ouest-et-centrale_diplomatie\/2021\/04\/07\/paul-kagame-business-angel-de-Touad\u00e9ra,109655531-eve<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>86<\/sup><\/strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 5 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2013 \u064831 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2016. \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1960. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">Raphael Granvaud, Centrafrique: la France \u00e9vinc\u00e9e par Moscou?, Billets d\u2019Afriques, novembre 2018, P. 17.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>69<\/sup><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2021\/12\/14\/exactions-et-predations-la-methode-de-la-milice-wagner-en-afrique_6105992_3212.html\">https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2021\/12\/14\/exactions-et-predations-la-methode-de-la-milice-wagner-en-afrique_6105992_3212.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>70<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jambonews.net\/actualites\/20220214-larmee-rwandaise-est-elle-en-train-de-devenir-le-wagner-de-la-france-et-de-leurope\/\">https:\/\/www.jambonews.net\/actualites\/20220214..,op.cit.<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>71<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0Ibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>72<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0Ibibid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>73\u00a0<\/sup><\/strong>\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0632\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u063a\u0634\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>74<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VXX6B_4uffc\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VXX6B_4uffc<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>75<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0https:\/\/www.africaintelligence.fr\/afrique-est-et-australe_diplomatie\/2021\/12\/10\/comment-kigali-exporte-son-savoir-faire-militaire-sur-le-continent,109709922-ar2<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong><sup>76<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/apres-le-retrait-de-la-france-trois-changements-probables-au-mali-et-deux-options-pour-la-junte-179407\">https:\/\/theconversation.com\/apres-le-retrait-de-la-france-trois-changements-probables-au-mali-et-deux-options-pour-la-junte-179407<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a..(\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629  [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":5191,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[641,731],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5181","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics-2","category-731"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/afaqdz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5181","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/afaqdz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/afaqdz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afaqdz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afaqdz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5181"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/afaqdz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5181\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5231,"href":"https:\/\/afaqdz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5181\/revisions\/5231"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afaqdz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5191"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/afaqdz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5181"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afaqdz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5181"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afaqdz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5181"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}